Romania: 2011

Ski resorts of Romania. Romanian Carpathians. Vatra Dornei, Baile Tusnad, Busteni

Romania - this is the Carpathians, the Black Sea, Danube Delta, the monasteries in the north of Moldova, millennial tradition in the area of Maramures and Transilvaniya - the legend of Prince Dracula, known wines, traditional cuisine, and especially the hospitality of the inhabitants. In a very limited geographic area variety of scenery is absolutely fascinating. In Romania, you can sunbathe on the Black Sea coast, climb mountains and descend into the deep caves, you can admire the Danube Delta and relax in the traditional farms of local residents, rasprobovat delicious Romanian cuisine and taste the excellent wines. On the Black Sea coast can be made perfect vacation during the June-September, and winter sports can be practiced in the Carpathians with the Nativity (December) until March. Spring and autumn are recommended for those who want to travel the scenic routes of the country. Bucharest is especially beautiful in spring and autumn, though memorable and winter.

Carpathian Mountains occupy a third of the territory of Romania.
Located inland in an arc, they are divided into three mountain ranges. It is Eastern, Southern and Western Carpathians, and each has a characteristic beauty. The Eastern Carpathians extend from the north-eastern border to Prahova Valley. It is the longest volcanic chain in Europe. Here are the most famous ski resorts of Romania, Prahova Valley and its surroundings (Sinaia, Azuga, Predeal, Poiana Brasov).
Southern Carpathians: the second mountain range, located between the Prahova Valley and the corridor
Timis-Chern. Has the highest peaks in Romania: Moldoveanu Peak in the Fagaras massif - 2544 m, Paryngu Mare - 2519 m, Pelyaga - 2509 m, Omu - 2505 m.
Western Carpathians: Located in the west, between the rivers Danube and Somes. They are known for its caves - Skerishoara (lestnichka), (here is one of Europe's thousand-year ice) and Urshilor Cave (Bear Cave), (this name was given because of the opening here of the remains of ancient bears).

Vatra Dornei

The resort is located in northern Romania, at an altitude of 500 m. The upper lift station at an altitude of 1,500 m. The resort can not only enjoy the skiing, but also to strengthen the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, digestive organs. The resort is famous mineral waters (carbonated, ferruginous, slightly soda, calcium, magnesium, hypotonic). Clear, deep-level ozone air of pine forests, good facilities at the hotel, meals, ice skating, skiing and sledding - all this awaits you at the resort in Romania, Vatra Dornei / Transylvanian Alps /. The nearby balneology, where you can visit the health center with swimming pool and sauna, a lot of discos.

track	complexity	length	vertical lift
Parc	average	900	150
Dealul Negru Dealul Runc (fond)	average light	3000 5000	400 198

lifts	length	vertical lift	Number of people
Dealu Negru	2733	415	2
Parc	791	572	2

Located in the southern lowlands Ciucului, at an altitude of 650 m, between the mountains of Harghita and Bodoc, inside the magnificent gorges Oltului. Special scenic view, strongly ozonized air, rich with pine sprays and negative ions make the resort favorable for strengthening the mind.

Subalpine climate, the average annual temperature of 8 C (17.5 C in July, January 7 C).

The resort attracts tourists for its mineral water, which is known since the 18th century.

The resort itself began operating in late 19th century. In 1968, the city of Baile Tusnad was declared as a tourist resort.

Tourist facilities: a volcanic lake of St. Anne (950 m) located 25 km from the resort, only in Central and Eastern Europe, Red Lake (115 km) is the biggest natural dam in Romania.

The resort has a curative mineral springs.

Source Stanescu: 7 C temperature, naturally karbogazirovannaya, bicarbonate, soda, soda, water magnizirovannaya.

Source Apor: 7 C temperature, karbogazirovannaya, zhelezitaya, chloride, bicarbonate, soda, soda water.

Source Mikes: temperature 11 C, natural karbogazirovannaya weakly zhelezitaya, chloride, bicarbonate, soda water.

It is recommended for the treatment of: cardiovascular disease (status after myocardial infarction, circulatory disorders, hypertension), diseases of nervonoy (asthenic neurosis, the state of physical and mental fatigue), stomach diseases (chronic gastritis, enterocolitis, dyskinesia of the gall bladder, bowel dysfunction ), endocrine disease, Grave's disease.

For the treatment used: bath with CO2, mofetil, galvanicheskie baths, massages, paraffin wraps, herbal baths, magneto-therapy, ionization, gymnastics, indoor

purification.

Busteni

Busteni - ski resort in winter and summer - the main focus of climbing in the mountains Bucegi, lies on the scenic road between Sinai and Brasov. Located at a distance of 135 kilometers northwest of Bucharest, at the foot of the array Karayman, Busteni resort offers visitors a refreshing climate, especially recommended

to treat depression, rich ultraviolet rays fresh air.

From here you can easily get to the "natural sculpture" Babel and Sfinksul (altitude 2290 m) to celebrated heroes of the Cross at the top Karayman visible from the entire zone and located at 2025 m altitude, as well as to the highest peak of Bucegi massif (Omu, 2505 m). The ski season lasts from November to March. Height skiing: 880 m

Average snow depth: 50 cm Srednezimnyaya temperature: -5 C Ski slopes extending from 300 to 3000 m. The ski school for adults and children. Local instructors with knowledge of foreign languages - experienced craftsmen.

track	complexity	length	vertical lift
Valea Cerbului	complex	3000	650
Boncu	complex	1600	600
Cabana Omu	complex	1500	500
Costila-Caraiman	complex	400	250
Calinderu	average	1300	300
Babele-Pestera	average	3000	600
Valea Gaura	average	800	200
Busteni-Gura Diham	light	4000	300
Silva	light	400	50
Cabana Babele	light	400	60
Piatra Arsa	light	300	60

lifts	length	vertical lift	Number of people	time
Busteni-Babele	4351	1238	2-3	13 min
Pestera-Babele	2611	1383	2	10 min
Kalinderu	1070	295	4	4 min
Silva	400	60	1	7 min

Cost telekabinok-2 $ per adult. and $ 1.5 per child.
Ski equipment, $ 6 / day / person.
Snow bike, $ 50 / hour
Sledge-2 $ / day

Romania (rum. România [romɨni.a]) - a state in south-eastern Europe, according to the constitution - a democratic republic.Capital - Bucharest. The name of the country comes from the Latin. romanus - «Roman." The head of the republic is the president, the supreme legislative - bicameral parliament. UN member since 1955, the EU since 2007 and NATO since 2004.

In the north and east by the Ukraine in the northeast - with Moldova - in the South of Bulgaria (the border runs mostly along the Danube River) to the west - with Serbia and Hungary. In the south-east of Romania bordering the Black Sea.
In Russian literature of the XIX century, the territory of modern Romania Transylvania without often called the Moldavian-Wallachia.

History of Romania

Ancient History of Romania and Antiquity

On the territory of modern Romania were discovered traces of ancient Cro-Magnon (Peshtera-ku-Oase), dating back about 42,000 years ago.
About 4 thousand years ago there was a Neolithic culture. In the Bronze Age in the 1800-1000 years BC Thracian tribes of the Dacians appeared. In the VII century BC in what is now the Black Sea coast of Romania have the Greek colonies. By the III century BC, is the emergence of the Dacians.
At the end of the beginning of the I-II century AD, Dacia was conquered by the Romans, there was a gold mining and resettlement of the colonists. By this time the start of intensive Romanization and the emergence of Balkan Latin.
In the 270 s after the revolt the Romans were forced to retreat across the Danube.
In the "Great Migration" of Dacia was devastated by migrating tribes, Goths, Vandals, Huns, and others. In the VI century on the territory of modern Romania began to settle the Slavs.

Medieval Romania

In the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in three Romanian principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania.
Since the XI century Transylvania enjoyed autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary, in the XVI century, became an independent principality, and remained so until 1711.
In 1541 during the Battle of Mohacs Hungarian forces were defeated, and Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, came under Ottoman vassalage, while maintaining internal autonomy to the middle of the XIX century. This period is characterized by a gradual withering away of the feudal system. Among the rulers of the territories at that time the most distinguished Stephen III the Great, Vasile Lupu and Dmitri Cantemir in Moldova; Matej Basarab, Vlad III the Impaler (Dracula) and Constantin Brancoveanu in Wallachia, Janos Hunyadi, Gabor Bethlen, and in Transylvania.
In 1600, Wallachia, Moldova and Transylvania were united under the rule of Michael the Brave, but in 1601, Mihai was killed, and the real power in Wallachia and Moldova proosmanski captures the nobility. All the XVII century is characterized by fragmentation and strife Boyar.
At the beginning of the XVIII century, in alliance with Russia's rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia were trying to get rid of Ottoman rule, but the Prut campaign of Peter I ended in failure, and the enslavement of the Ottoman Empire grew.

The Romanian State

Romania emerged as a vassal state to the Ottoman Empire in 1859 through the merger of the two principalities - Wallachia and Moldavia. Third ethnically Romanian region of Transylvania, was then a part of Hungary.
Independence was proclaimed May 9, 1877 in connection with the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war, taking part in the war, Romania gained Dobrudja. The period from 1878 to 1914 is characterized by relative stability.

World War I in Romania

During the First World War, Romania ranked first neutral, then entered August 28, 1916 at the side of the Allies under the influence of victories of the Russian army. Romania declared war on Austria-Hungary, but its army was quickly defeated.
As a result of the war, Romania gained Transylvania, as a result of the collapse of the Russian Empire also took the ethnically Romanian region of Bessarabia (formerly part of Moldova).

Romania between the wars

After World War I the country was proclaimed a parliamentary democracy.
In April 1938, the Parliament is dissolved, set the royal dictatorship.
In 1940, Soviet troops, according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. The result was a close encounter with Romania's Nazi Germany.
During the Second World War, Romania was an ally of Nazi Germany. Romanian troops participated in the war against the USSR. Of Soviet territories occupied by Romania were created two new provinces of Bessarabia, which included the right bank of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Odessa and Chernovtsy regions of USSR and Transnistria, which included the left bank of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and part of the Odessa, Mykolayiv and Vinnitsa regions of Ukraine.
After a turn in the war in August 1944, Soviet troops entered Romania, after which King Michael I of Romania announced the release of war and ousted General Antonescu.
After the Second World War, Romania fell into the sphere of Soviet influence in the country established Soviet system of legislative power, but allowed controlled democracy in elections to local authorities (see The Socialist Republic of Romania).

Post-war period in Romania

In 1947, Mihai I abdicated, Romania was proclaimed the People's Republic. In 1948 he started the socialist reform was the nationalization of private firms and the collectivization of agriculture.
In 1965 he came to power, Nicolae Ceausescu, who spent more than an independent policy. In particular, he condemned the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, continued diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six Day War in 1967, established diplomatic and economic relations with Germany. But between 1977 and 1981, Romania's foreign debt increased from 3 to 10 billion dollars, resulting in increased influence of international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. Policy of austerity, as well as the beginning of perestroika in the Soviet Union led to increased dissatisfaction with the policies Ceausescu.
In December 1989, the Romanian revolution occurred, which resulted in Ceausescu was overthrown and executed, and the power passed into the hands of the National Salvation Front, set up a provisional parliament - the Council of National Unity.
In May 1990, held its first free presidential and parliamentary elections.
March 29, 2004 Romania joined NATO on 1 January 2007 - in the EU.

Geography of Romania

Romania covers an area of 238.391 km ² and is the largest country in South-Eastern Europe and the 12th across the country throughout Europe. Located between 43 ° and 49 ° north latitude and 20 ° and 30 ° east longitude.

Relief
For the Romanian territory is characterized by a roughly equal mix of mountain, hilly and flat terrain. Through the entire country, from the Ukrainian border to the border with Serbia, the Carpathians are prevalent in the center of Romania, with 14 ridges. The highest point in Romania - Mount Moldoveanu (2544 m). The minerals are allocated oil and ores.

Climate
Romania is located in the continental climate characterized by cold winters and warm summers. The average annual temperature varies from 11 ° C in the south to 8 ° C in the north.
Spring is characterized by cool nights and warm days. Summer is usually warm, the average maximum temperature in summer in Bucharest is 28 ° C, average minimum - 16 ° C. Winters are cold, the average maximum temperature ranges from 2 ° C in the plains to -15 ° C in the mountains. The absolute maximum of 44,5 ° C and was registered in 1951, the absolute minimum of -38,5 ° C - in 1942.
On average 750 mm of precipitation falls per year, most precipitation falls in summer. At the same time significant differences between different areas - in the mountains falls to 1,500 mm of rainfall per year, on the south and center in the area of Bucharest - about 600 mm in the Danube Delta - about 370 mm.

Environment
Forests cover 13% of the country, while Romania is one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe. In the forests of a large number of live wild animals, including bears, wolves and others on the plains - foxes, hares, squirrels and badgers.Across the country revealed 400 species of mammals, the unique (among which the most famous Carpathian chamois), birds and reptiles. [3] Fauna of Romania consists of 33 792 species, among which 33 085 invertebrates and 707 vertebrates.

The political system in Romania

The current Constitution of Romania was adopted in November 1991 and approved by popular referendum in December that year. Under the Constitution, Romania is a unitary state with a republican form of government.
The head of state is the president, popularly elected for 4 years.Since 2004, Romanian President Traian Basescu is.

Legislative power in Romania
The bicameral parliament consists of the Senate (Senat, 137 seats) and Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor, 332 seats).
Senators are elected by proportional representation.
314 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by proportional representation from five percent the barrier for political parties and vosmiprotsentnym - for blocks and the remaining seats are reserved for representatives of national minorities.
The term of office of members of Parliament - 4 years.
In elections in December 2008, the basic representation in Parliament were:
Block Democratic Liberal Party of Romania (Partidul Democrat-Liberal) - 36,9% and the Hungarian Democratic Union of Romania (Uniunea Democrată a Maghiarilor din România) - 6,6%;
Unit of the Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social-Democrat) and the Conservative Party (Partidul Conservativ) - 29,9%;
National Liberal Party (Partidul National-Liberal) - 15,7%.
Chairman of the Senate - Mircea Geoana (SDP).
President of the Chamber of Deputies - Roberta Anastase (DLP).

The political situation in Romania
December 6, 2009 in Romania was the second round of presidential elections, which won by a whisker Traian Basescu (50.33% of votes). His opponent, a leader of the Social Democratic Party of Romania Mircea Geoana contested the election results before the Constitutional Court.
Basesku supported center-right alliance of the "Justice and Truth", became president in 2004, receiving 51.23% of the vote.His opponent was the incumbent Prime Minister and chairman of the ruling Social Democratic Party, 54-year-old Adrian Nastase.
Presidential elections were recognized as the most violent since the fall of the communist regime in 1989.
Since 1990, the president for three terms (with a break in 1996-2000) took Ion Iliescu, who resigned in 2004.
During this time the country has managed to overcome the crisis of the mid-1990s, but the main purpose of his policy, the government declared the accession to the EU in 2007 along with Bulgaria.
The candidate from the Democratic Alliance of "Justice and Truth" 53-year-old mayor of Bucharest Traian Basescu, a former sea captain, who was also minister of transport in several governments criticized the government for being too slow liberal reforms.
Romania has the tension in relations with Moldova. These countries do not have a border treaty with each other. In May 2009, Romanian President Basescu said he does not recognize borders with Moldova, which means de jure non-recognition of the Treaty of Paris in 1947, the Helsinki Final Act on Security in Europe in 1975, decisions of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences.
Peace treaties signed by Romania in 1947 with the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States, Australia, the Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, India, New Zealand, USSR, Union of South Africa and Canada. Agreed to establish the boundaries of Romania on 1 January 1938 (the Vienna arbitration 1938 and 1940 are declared non-existent) boundaries were established by Romania on 1 January 1941, with the exception of the Romanian-Hungarian border, which was restored on January 1, 1938 (this limit varied in accordance with the decisions of the Vienna Award 1940).
Political decisions are the same contracts mainly with the relevant resolutions of the peace treaty with Italy in 1947 (the dissolution of the fascist organizations, the restoration of freedoms, democracy, etc.). Military regulations treaties regulate the composition of the armed forces of those states. Agreed to establish the amount of reparations to be paid by Romania.Romania pledged to pay reparations to the Soviet Union. The right of countries subjected to aggression on the restitution of property looted from their territory, as well - the right of the Soviet Union to all German assets in Romania (later the Soviet Union, promoting economic development of Romania, refused a large part of compensation for damage inflicted).

Administrative divisions of Romania
Romania is divided into eight development regions, which are not directly administrative units, and serve to coordinate regional development. Development regions are separated by 41 county and a municipality. County divided into 2686 communes (rural) and 256 municipalities. Communes, and municipalities are minimal administrative divisions of Romania. Commune divided into villages that do not have their own administration and non-administrative units. A total of 13 092 Romanian villages.
Except in the administrative structure of Romania is Bucharest municipality, which is in contrast to other municipalities is an administrative unit of the second level. Bucharest is divided into 6 sectors, each of which has its own administration.
Administrative divisions of Romania complies with NCA.

Economy of Romania

Romania has created an unprecedented event in world economic history. By December 1989 the price of the tremendous tension of the economy has managed to repay its entire debt to the IMF.
Advantages: oil reserves, the potential for tourism, declining inflation. Since 2000, thanks to the restoration of stable growth in exports.
Weaknesses: a strong corruption, high inflation (in 2008 - 8.1%).Protracted transition from a planned to a market economy.Slowly advancing market reforms. Small amount of foreign investment.
One of the largest sectors of the economy - the oil industry, a significant market share is Rompetrol owns a controlling stake in the Kazakh state oil company KMG, however, oil reserves are insignificant, and its production is constantly decreasing. One of the largest producers of oil and gas equipment factory Upetrom - May 1 in (Ploiesti). In 2008 the plant celebrated the 100th anniversary of the foundation. The plant produces 80% of all oil and gas equipment.
Since the mid-2000s, oil consumption is about twice the Romania of its own production, this ratio also applies to imports and exports of oil.
In Romania, there are reserves and production of natural gas is produced, but in recent years the country has to import gas to meet their needs.
The leading branch of agriculture - crops, grain farming.Viticulture. In livestock - sheep and cattle.
Tourism development. The largest resort region of the country - the Black Sea coast of Romania.
The main items of export are Romanian - textiles, engineering goods and iron and steel industry. Imports are dominated by engineering products, raw materials, including oil and gas, textiles and glassware. Breakdown of the workforce - about 30% in agriculture, 23% in industry, 47% in services (2006).
The main foreign trade partners - Germany, Italy, France (2006).

Romania Transport

Romanian Railways - railway company performs a substantial part of freight and passenger transportation within the country.The length of railways over 11 thousand km, 1,075 km transport network is on the Danube. The importance of the Romanian ports increases with the creation of trans-European railway Rhine-Danube Canal.

The population of Romania

The population of Romania - 21,498,616 [8]. Birth rate - 10.6 per 1,000 population. Mortality - 11.8 per 1,000 people.
Population Dynamics:
1940 - 13.0 million people.
1955 - 17.0 million people.
1997 - 22.4 million people.
2002 - 21.7 million people.
National composition according to the 2002:
Total - 21,498,616 people.
Romanians - 19,399,597 people. (89.5%)
Hungarians - 1,431,807 people. (6.6%)
Gypsies - 535 140 people. (2.5%) (see Gypsies in Romania)
Ukrainians - 61 098 people. (0.3%)
Germans - 59 764 people. (0.3%)
Russian - 35 791 people. (0.2%)
The Turks - 32 098 people. (0.2%)
Serbs - 22,561 people. (0.1%)
Slovakia - 17 226 people. (0.08%)

Religion in Romania

86.8% - The Romanian Orthodox Church
7.5% - Protestants
4.7% - Catholics
0.9% - other (mostly Muslim)

Sports in Romania

The greatest success in sports and Romania reached up in gymnastics, rowing and athletics. History of gymnastics knows of such prominent Rumanian as Nadia Comaneci (will be correct version of the "Nadia Komenech"), Simon Amanar, Yolanda Balas, Lavinia Miloshovichi, Daniela Silivash.
Romania is gradually developing and winter sports, in particular the bobsleigh and biathlon sport. In soccer, she reached the quarterfinal World Cup - 94, 4 years later - in 1 / 8 finals. On the selection of World Cup - 2010 team played a failure: the defeat with the score 0-3 in Cluj from Lithuania, the defeat of Serb homes and 3.2 0-5 away. At the Euro qualification - 2012, Romania has played sensationally in a draw at home with the Albanians. The most outstanding players: George Hadji (retired), Gheorghe Popescu (same status), Adrian Mutu, Ciprian Marica, Cristian Chivu, Rat Retsvan.

Art in Romania
Painting
The largest Romanian artist and in fact the founder of modern Romanian painting was Nicolae Grigorescu.

Music
The largest Romanian composer George Enescu is, Horatio Radulescu, Iancu Dumitrescu.

Architecture of Romania

With X-XI centuries during the formation of feudal estates in Romania beginning to emerge art. In Wallachia and Moldavia - under the influence of Byzantine culture, Bulgaria and Serbia, in Transylvania - the culture of Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland.
Home
In X - XIII centuries the settlement consisted of rectangular houses, built of thick logs and hewn logs. Less frequent the house, which had a wooden frame, intertwined with branches and covered with clay. Wooden rafters overhanging roofs of high-wing straw or shingles.
Stone construction was largely feudal. Houses of the nobility were modest. The stone manor consisted mainly of 3-4 rooms with a gallery in one of the facades. (Homestead in Curtea de Arges, XIII-XIV century).
Religious buildings
The early church had a rectangular plan and apse in the east.Constructed of rough blocks of stone and brick.
St. Nicholas Church in Curtea de Arges (1310-1352 year) - cross-dome, built of alternating rows of stone and brick, with a dome on the pillars, suggesting the influence of Byzantine culture.

The armed forces of Romania

Main article: Romanian Armed Forces
Consist of the Army, Navy and Air Force.

Romania

Map of Romania

Ski resorts of Romania

Where is Romania?

Romania